1. Nigg (2006)整理相關的模式：
(1) Visual orienting (how well a child notices where something happened or is about to happen):
the Posner-Petersen Model (Posner & Peterson, 1990): 3 subsystems in the
attentional system
(a) orienting to sensory events (spatial attention)
(b) detecting signals for focal (conscious) processing (selective attention)
(c) maintaining a vigilant or alert state (sustained attention)
代表評估工具：TEA, TEA-Ch
(2) Visual or auditory selective attention (how well a child filters signal from noise):
the Perceptual Load Model (Lavie, 1995)
* Hypothetical stages of information processing:
Encoding (perception)=>Early selection=>Cognitive processing=>Strategic selection in relation to goals=>Preparation for action=>Motor response
(3) A neuropsychological component model (Mirsky, Anthony, Duncan, Ahern, & Kellham, 1991; Mirsky & Duncan, 2001):
Five attentional functions:
-Two functions of the vigilance system: "sustain" (the capacity to maintain focused alertness over time) and "stabilize" (the consistency or stability with which a person can respond to a target stimulus) 如：於CPT反應時間的穩定性
-"focus/execute" function (the ability to select a target item or attribute from a stimulus field and respond to it)
-an aspect of executive function: "shift"(the ability to flexibly change attentional focus)如：Wisconsin Card Sort Test所測(變換規則)
-an aspect of short-term memory: "encode"(the ability to process information sequentially, mental manipulation of information, and recall) 如：Digit Span Test所測（背出一串數字）
Reference:Nigg JT. What causes ADHD?: Understanding what goes wrong and why. Guilford Press; 2006.
2. A schedule of the theoretical framework of attentional functions according to Van
Zomeren & Brouwer (1994)
Two parameters of attention: Selectivity & Intensity
1. Selectivity: the process that modulates responsiveness to specific stimulus constellations
by giving priority to certain stimuli.
- Focused attention
- Divided attention
2. Intensity: the ability to activate and maintain attention over time
- Alertness
- Sustained attention
*Supervisory Attentional System (Strategy, Flexibility, Inhibition) is assumed to act as a
control mechanism that modulates aspects of selectivity and intensity. (Shallice, 1988; Van Zomeren & Brouwer, 1994)
Reference: Gunther T, Konrad K, De Brito SA, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Vloet TD. Attentional
functions in children and adolescents with ADHD, depressive disorders, and the comorbid
condition. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2011;52:324-331
3. Clinical Model of Attention (Sohlberg & Matter, 1987, 2001)
(1) focused attention
(2) sustained attention
(3) selective attention
(4) alternating attention
(5) divided attention
Reference:林鋐宇. 注意力缺陷過動症學童注意力問題的亞型探究. 職能治療學會雜誌. 2009;27:49-61
Zomeren & Brouwer (1994)
Two parameters of attention: Selectivity & Intensity
1. Selectivity: the process that modulates responsiveness to specific stimulus constellations
by giving priority to certain stimuli.
- Focused attention
- Divided attention
2. Intensity: the ability to activate and maintain attention over time
- Alertness
- Sustained attention
*Supervisory Attentional System (Strategy, Flexibility, Inhibition) is assumed to act as a
control mechanism that modulates aspects of selectivity and intensity. (Shallice, 1988; Van Zomeren & Brouwer, 1994)
Reference: Gunther T, Konrad K, De Brito SA, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Vloet TD. Attentional
functions in children and adolescents with ADHD, depressive disorders, and the comorbid
condition. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2011;52:324-331
3. Clinical Model of Attention (Sohlberg & Matter, 1987, 2001)
(1) focused attention
(2) sustained attention
(3) selective attention
(4) alternating attention
(5) divided attention
Reference:林鋐宇. 注意力缺陷過動症學童注意力問題的亞型探究. 職能治療學會雜誌. 2009;27:49-61
